Estimation of optimum fertilizer rates is needed becaUSE of growing economic and environmental concerns. Optimum fertilizer rates can be determined by fitting statistical models to yield data collected from N fertilizer experiments. The main goal of this research was to compare and evaluate quadratic, square root, Mitscherlich, rectangular hyperbola, linear plus plateau and quadratic plus plateau models for describing the response of sugar beet to N fertilizer. Data USEd were obtained from a furrow irrigation system experiment with five N fertilizer rates: zero (control), 60, 120, 180, and 240 N kgha-1 with three replications in Ekbatan Research Station, Hamedan, Iran, during 2003 and 2004. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates were obtained based on fertilizer and sugar beet price during 2003 and 2004. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates varied depending on the fertilizer to crop price ratio and models USEd. Results of this research showed the quadratic model described the yield responses and economic, optimum N fertilizer rate in sugar beet cultivation better than the other models. Economic, optimum N fertilizer rates due to this model were 235.8 and 248.9 kgha-1 in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Economic optimum N fertilizer rates based on N fertilizer subsidy and non-subsidy prices were 234.7 and 225.1 kgha-1 for 2003 model, and 247.9 and 240.8 kgha-1 for 2004 model, respectively.

The addition of the infinitive to the subject or object is one of the syntactic structures in which accuracy plays an important role in the correct understanding the meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran. Sometimes there is disagreement among the scholars who interpret the Holy Book of Quran in determining whether the infinitive is added to the subject or to the object. Translators have sometimes provided an inadequate translation. This article has tried to discover ways to resolve the difference in determining the qualificative role of genitive case and also to provide an expressive translation of this structure by using a descriptive-analytical-critical method and by examining a number of infinitives added to the subject or object in the Holy Quran. The solutions to resolve the dispute are as follows: Paying attention to how the sentences relate to each other, paying attention to the citation of the subject in the verse, paying attention to the reason for using rhetorical devices in the verse, paying attention to the interpretive context (the context of the discussed verse, the guiding purpose of the Surah), paying attention to the verses and narrations of the same subject of the verse and paying attention to the requirements of servant politeness. The USE of these solutions in order to provide a correct and expressive translation of the infinitive structure added to the subject or the object is necessary: The USE of verb in the translation of the infinitive, the USE of an APPROPRIATE word for translation of the pronoun, the USE of an APPROPRIATE word in addition to the accompanying added infinitive, the USE of the explanations in parentheses, the avoidance of compression writing and the avoidance of literal translation.

The issue of quality crisis in city’ s landscape and consequently urban furniture in the current situation is one of the major challenges of cities and also one of the main concerns for implementers and USErs of urban environments. Architects and urban planners believe that today’ s urban environments, although equipped with furniture and have tried to play an important role in responding and serving citizens, do not have the APPROPRIATE approach to meet this goal. The purpose of this study is to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain the APPROPRIATE approach to this urban furniture and its components using the mental model of local landscape experts in the urban streets of Tehran. Each of the experts in this field has pointed to one of the dimensions of the process, but a comprehensive model of the dimensions and indicators of the process-oriented and the relationship between them has not been presented. In this research, first by reviewing the literature, the dimensions and indicators of the process are identified and in the next step, by studying the examples and global experiences, important concepts in achieving the APPROPRIATE approach in using separators in city streets are addressed. The results show that it is necessary for the pedestrian guardrails to be designed based on identity and landscape of each street and in accordance with other components of the street as an urban sign to increase the readability for the audience.

Material selection of tool steels for satisfying the customers needs is not limited to one type of steel. In fact, each customer expresses his or her needs in a specific range. On the other hand, technical specifications of tool steels are not absolute and it consistently deviates from the mean. Therefore in this paper, fuzzy logic theory has been USEd for selecting APPROPRIATE tool steels. The main steps follow as:1)Four technical features have been USEd for selecting tool steels: untreated hardness, hardness after heat treatment, maximum work temperature and toughness, and price variable.2)Technical features and prices of tool steels manufactured in Iran were obtained from manufacturers.3)The mean and standard deviation of some technical features were calculated.4)Membership functions for the a.m. technical features and prices have been defined and established.5)The tool steels were rated according to the amount of their favourability to customers.6)Customers desirable tool steels were determined by using fuzzy logic theory. Finally, the APPROPRIATE tool steels were selected for customers.In this paper, in addition to formulate the tool steel selection, the possibility of reducing a variety of tool steels for manufacturers was also provided which the associated result leads to the decrease in the total cost of tool steels for the manufacturer.

Introduction: Considering the increased expenditure in public health sector, especially the increased cost in hospitals and clinics, there is an urgent need to control these costs mainly by ensuring adherence to clinical guidelines for diagnostic procedures. In this study we aim to investigate the adherence of heart clinics to guideline for exercise tolerance test. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 308 patients who were referred for ECG exercise test in 3 clinics located in the city of Shiraz, Iran in 2018. Demographic and clinical data were recorded and the indications of exercise test for each patient was reviewed according to the ACC/AHA guideline for exercise tolerance test. Results: Exercise tests were found to be inAPPROPRIATEly done in 121 (39. 3%) participants. Among the patients for whom the test was done without indication 79 (65. 3%) were women and the gender difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 01); women were 18. 5% more likely to undergo exercise test without indication. There was more inAPPROPRIATE tests among nonanginal pain subsets comparing to other presenting symptoms (P < 0. 001). Age, coronary risk factors, reason for performing exercise tests and private health system were not predictors of inAPPROPRIATE USE (P > 0. 05). Conclusion: This study confirms that more than one third of exercise tests done in the participants are inAPPROPRIATE. Wide availability of exercise test makes it vulnerable to overUSE and additional unnecessary cost to health care systems.

Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a management plan for the Sykan watershed of Darre shahr city located in Ilam province using GIS in land USE planning.Methods: For land using of Sykan watershed of Ilam province with about 9 hectares area, map of classes, elevation, percent slope, geographical aspects, soil characteristics, vegetation density and the final map units were combined using binary and the final map of environmental units was achieved. As a result, 89 environmental units or micro ecosystems were detected. For these micro ecosystems, evaluation of ecological capacity performed in agricultural land, rangeland, forestry, tourism holticulture, animal husbandry, aquatic aquaculture, urban development rural and environmental conservation land USE classes and was combined with the social and economic needs of the region. As a result, the classification of land USE and land USE priorities can be qualitative method of comparative ecological, land USE map of the Sykan watershed of Darreh shahr city was prepared.Results: The result show that 43.61% of area was allocated for forestry, 29.96 % for agriculture, 14.31 % for tourism, 6.77 % for pastural, 2.46 % for conservation of environment, 2.05 % for animal husbandry and 0.84 % for aquatic aquaculture. Thus, this area is promoted from 3 to 8 land USEs.